A Study On Eating Pathology Among Latinas Essay - 1134 Words

THEORETICAL PROPOSITIONS There is a lack of studies that investigate the eating pathology among Latinas even though there is evidence that a binge eating component (i.e. binge eating disorder, bulimia nervosa) is more prevalent among Latinas compared with other races. For those who are engaged in binge eating tend to have unrealistic high expectations for themselves, which often are difficult to achieve. When the individual, in this case a Latina, has fallen short of these high expectations, they experience negative affect from which she is motivated to binge eat. Dr. Neyland proposed that stressful experiences across three domains of interest: individual, family, and environment. The independent variable of acculturative stress (individual level) is defined as the stress and reduction in health status that one experiences while going under the process of adapting to a different culture. Then for family, there is family disconnection, which is not unique to Latinas but there is a str ong emphasis that Latinas place on family relationships. They value it so much that if they experience family disconnection, they would likely be experienced as failure to meet cultural standards. And lastly, there is the environmental factor which is discrimination. Among Latina/os, there is a large amount of reports of discrimination which is believed to have impacted many to have lower self-esteem and a significantly slower growth in self-esteem over time. Neyland hypothesized thatShow MoreRelatedWoman are Surviving Breast Cancer836 Words   |  3 Pagesgetting older she should know about breast cancer and what she can do about it. According to the American Cancer Society, â€Å"About 12 percent of women in the Unites States will develop breast cancer during their lifetime. The American Cancer Society study also found that breast cancer in the US for 2014 are about 232,670 new cases of invasive breast cancer will be diagnosed in women, 62,570 new cases of carcinoma in situ (CIS) will be diagnosed (CIS is non-invasive and is the earliest form of breastRead MoreWhy I Am A Professor Essay4077 Words   |  17 Pagesdropped to my hands and knees to sniff the ground for the mysterious scent they had left behind. Of course, I failed to detect any scent, but this incident prompted a valuable lecture from my father on the importance of using the correct methods to study scientific phenomena. Undaunted by the failure of this experiment, I spent my childhood as a pupil of my parents, examining my father’s latest bipedal robot or transcribing interviews for my mother. Growing up in this culture of academia, I cou ld notRead More Fashion Magazines and Body Image Essay5340 Words   |  22 Pagespurpose of this research study is to know and gather solid facts and reasons about fashion magazines affecting the teenagers’ body image in a form of research to self evaluation through careful accumulation of acceptable data and relevant resources for such data to be precise and spontaneous in its respected details to support results. Few studies have explored mediating processes through which media exposure and use contribute to development and perpetuation of eating-disordered cognitionsRead MoreAdvancing Effective Communicationcommunication, Cultural Competence, and Patient- and Family-Centered Care Quality Safety Equity53293 Words   |  214 Pagescultural competence, and patientand family-centered care (see Table 1, page 2). No longer considered to be simply a patient’s right, effective communication is now accepted as an essential component of quality care and patient safety [5,6]. Additional studies show that incorporating the concepts of cultural competence and patient- and family-centeredness into the care process can increase patient satisfaction and adherence with treatment [7,8]. Terminology A clear understanding of the concepts addressed

Explain for Which Reasons the Real Wage Is Expected Free Essays

string(183) " in his paper says that â€Å"anecdotal evidence from the Great Depression and the 1920–21 contraction strongly suggests that real wages were countercyclical during these episodes: e\." Explain for which reasons the real wage is expected to be acyclical in the classical model, countercyclical in The Keynesian Model and Procyclical in the New Keynesian model. Which model better fits the empirical evidence? Introduction The concept of real wages has increasing significance in the current world. Rising inflation and recession in almost all major economies have led to the importance of studying real wage with respect to prices and economies themselves. We will write a custom essay sample on Explain for Which Reasons the Real Wage Is Expected or any similar topic only for you Order Now Such a study would require an in-depth understanding of the business cycle of real wages. From Classical theory to New Keynesian theory, Cyclicality of real wage has been defined in contrasting terms. Much of the conflicting evidence is simply characteristic of empirical research. Researchers use different model specifications and estimation techniques. Empirical results are often sensitive to the choice of cyclical indicators and time period chosen (Dimelis, 2007). This essay seeks to explain why real wage is expected to be acyclical in the classical model, counter-cyclical in the Keynesian model and procyclical in the New Keynesian model and shed light on which model best fits empirical evidence. Real Wage Real wage is defined as the â€Å"wage paid to the average worker divided by the price level. †(Delong and Olney,2006 p. 535) It therefore measures the cost of labour in real terms as it is the number of units of output that can be exchanged for one time-based unit of work. (Levacic and Rebmann, 1982) The Classical Model In the classical model, the basic assumption is that prices and wages are flexible. The basis of classical theory is that the markets work perfectly, that prices adjust rapidly to cover any gap that may arise due to a difference in the quantities demanded and supplied. Delong and Olney,2006) The classical model thus assumes full employment, i. e. the actual output matches the potential output of the economy. Since prices are flexible, an increase in the supply of labour will lead to a deficit in the demand, as a result some workers will become unemployed, and some of the unemployed will offer their labour at a lower wage in an attempt to secure emplo yment. As a result, those employed will also lower their wages causing the wage to decline relative to price level P, and real wage to fall. Due to the law of diminishing returns of marginal product of labour, as real wage falls, firms wishing to maximize their profit will employ more workers leading to an automatic adjustment of the labour market which is once again at equilibrium. In the case of demand exceeding supply, firms will offer higher wages to attract workers which will cause the real wage to rise. As a result other firms will reduce their labour such that the demand equals the supply again, and the labour market is at equilibrium. Thus real wage, in the classical model ,its movement is independent of the direction of growth of economy and is thus said to be acyclical. (Delong and Olney,2006; Mankiw, 2003) Though few empirical studies support the theory that wages are acyclical, most critics pointed out that many wages and prices are not flexible and it is this inflexibility that explains both the existence of unemployment and the non-neutrality of money (Mankiw,2003) . Gamber and Joutz(2001) in their paper ‘Real wages over the business cycle’ studied the movement of real wage with respect to labour supply,demand ,aggregate demand and oil prices and concluded that increases in oil prices and reduced hours had little impact on the real wage thus making real wage acyclical. This could be true of the data studied, however many researchers including Solon et al (1994) have questioned evidence that claimed real wage to be acyclical, saying that a compositional bias tends to mask the true cyclical behaviour of a particular group’s real wage. The Keynesian Model While the classical model is only appropriate when wages and prices are flexible, it provides a simplified analysis of how the economy works. A more realistic model is however the Keynesian model which is very different from the classical model in many ways. To begin with, the model does not guarantee full employment and the actual output does not always equal potential output which is due to the basic assumption that prices and wages are â€Å"sticky†. That is, they will not move freely and rapidly in response to a change in demand or supply. (Delong and Olney, 2006) The reasons behind sticky prices have been identified by many economists; some explanations given include the impact of implicit contracts which involve non variable wages together with a probability of layoff, without appealing to risk averse behaviour (Levacic and Rebmann, 1982). Another simplified explanation is that managers and workers find re negotiating wages costly or they lack sufficient information. The problem of â€Å"money illusion† is also a possible explanation where workers and managers overlook the effect of price level changes when assessing the impact of changes in wages or prices on their real income. Delong and Olney,2006) In the Keynesian model, if there is a decline in a consumer’s propensity to consume, there will be a fall in expenditure for goods. However, there is no change on the spending on investment goods, flow of exports or government expenditure. When firms see the spending on their products declining, they will reduce the production rat her than prices since prices are sticky to avoid accumulating unsold inventory. When firms reduce their production, naturally they will fire some of the workers since workers will not reduce their wages (as they are sticky). This leads to an overall drop in the national income, which as a result of the multiplier effect is greater than the decline in consumer spending. (Delong and Olney, 2006) Keynes’ theory assumes that there is a negative correlation between real wage and output or employment, i. e. that real wage in the Keynesian model is counter-cyclical (Blanchard and Fisher, 1989). Some empirical data supports this behaviour, Swanson(2007, p. 33), in his paper says that â€Å"anecdotal evidence from the Great Depression and the 1920–21 contraction strongly suggests that real wages were countercyclical during these episodes: e. You read "Explain for Which Reasons the Real Wage Is Expected" in category "Papers" . , â€Å"[Benjamin] Strong wanted to wait until wage rates were lower. He noted that deposits had fallen off considerably, retail prices had fallen moderately, wholesale prices precipitously [56%], but wages had hardly been affected (Friedman and Schwartz (1963) as cited in Sw anson (2007), p. 33). † Swanson (2007, p. 34)also notes that â€Å"workers’ wages have been counter cyclical over both the post-War and post-1967 period when those wages are deflated by the price index of the worker’s own 2-digit or 4-digit industry and compared to the state of economic activity in that same industry. And studies using data disaggregated by industry have shown a rather countercyclical behaviour for the US (Mehra, 1982; Burda, 1985 as cited in Dimelis, 1997 p. 312)) Although the Keynesian model was a more realistic model, it was criticised for its lack of clarity on how the labour market, and equilibrium is attained. This led to the development of New Keynesian Economics. (Mankiw, 2003) New Keynesian Model Partly due to criticism of Keynesian Economics, New Keynesian Economics was developed. The new Keynesian model tries to explain how wages and prices behave in the short run by identifying the market imperfections that make them sticky and cause the economy to shift from its natural state. (Mankiw, 2003) In other words, it uses micro foundations to explain macroeconomic effects. The model, like the Keynesian model builds on the assumptions of sticky wages and prices with the traditional model of aggregate demand and supply and tries to provide a better explanation of why wages and prices are sticky in the first place. It proposes that small costs of adjustment or rigidities can have large macroeconomic effects. (Mankiw, 2003). Blanchard and Gali (2005, p. 10)assume that â€Å"real wages respond sluggishly to labor market conditions, as a result of some (unmodelled) imperfection or friction in labor markets. † It also assumes that real wages of the current period to some extent depend on the real wage of the previous period. And that current inflation is the result of decisions based on news about future demand and cost conditions obtained in previous periods, in addition to current information. A consequence of that â€Å"distributed lag† property is the emergence of inertia in inflation. (Blanchard and Gali, 2005) Real wages are procyclical and are thus positively correlated with the output, they rise as output rises (above its natural level) and fall as output declines (relative to its natural level). This is because nominal wages are positively correlated with the business cycle, while prices in the New Keynesian model are sticky. (Mankiw, 2003) In the above explanation of the classical and Keynesian model, there is some empirical evidence that supports the behaviour real wage as acyclical and counter-cyclical. However, there are a larger number of studies that conclude that real wage generally exhibits procyclical behaviour ( Keane, et al. (1988);Kydland and Prescott (1989);Solon et al. (1994);Peng and Siebert(2008)). According to Blanchard and Fisher(1989, p. 19), real wage is weakly procyclical, showing a positive correlation between real wage and output but being â€Å"statistically insignificant†. However, Solon et al. (1994) found the aggregate real wage to be significantly procyclical and in a further investigation found that micro study of the same data revealed stronger procyclicality of real wage than that revealed by aggregate data. Kandil and Woods, 2002) Several empirical studies of real wage cyclicality of various countries such as Germany(Dimelis, 1997), Italy(Peng and Siebert, 2008) and USA( Solon et al. , 1994; Kandil and Woods, 2002) conclude that real wage is more procyclical in nature. One can draw the conclusion that, real wage, as supported by empirical evidence , is procyclical, whether it is weakly procyclical or significantly so. Conclusion It can thus be concluded that, the three models explained differ in many aspects particularly their explanation of the behaviour of real wage. Studies have been undertaken to understand the cyclicality of real wage with respect to real market conditions, and although some studies support that real wage is acyclical and counter-cyclical, a larger number of studies show that real wage is procyclical on an average. On a micro level as well, real wage has shown strong procyclicality. As mentioned before, the great variance of results in the study of real wage could be a result of the different techniques employed for research, the sample of data studied or if the study was aggregate based or disaggregate based. Thus, while the Classical and Keynesian models are applicable in certain cases, the new Keynesian model is appropriate for many of the prevalent markets or economies. References Blanchard, O. J Fisher, S, 1989, Lectures on Macroeconomics, MIT press Blanchard, O. J. and Gali, J. , Real Wage Rigidities and the New Keynesian Model (October 31, 2005). MIT Department of Economics Working Paper No. 05-28; FRB Boston Working Paper No. 05-14. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn. com/abstract=842285 Delong , J. B Olney, M. L, 2006, Macroeconomics, Second Edition, New York: Mcgraw-Hill/Irwin Dimelis, S. P, 1997, ‘Cyclical and causal relations between real wages and employment in the EU’, Applied Economics,Vol: 29: 3, p. 311-324 Gamber, E. N. ; Joutz, F. L. , Real Business over the Business Cycle, Eastern Economic Journal, Summer 1997, v. 23, iss. 3, pp. 277-91 Kandil, M Woods, J. G, 2002, ‘Employment composition and the cyclical behaviour of the aggregate real wage’, Applied Economics, Vol: 34: 6, p. 689-708 Keane, M. , Mofitt, R. nd Runkle, D. E. (1988) Real wages over the business cycle: estimating the impact of heterogeneity with micro data, Journal of Political Economy, Vol: 96, p. 1232- 66. Kydland, F. E. and Prescott, E. C. (1989) Cyclical movements of the labour input and its implicit real wage. Research Department Working Paper 413, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Levacic, R Rebmann, A, 1982, Macroeconomics-An introduction to Keynesian-neoclassical controversies, Second Edition, Hampshire: Macmillan press Mankiw, N. G, 2003, Macroeconomics, Fifth Edition, New York: Worth Publishers Peng,F. Siebert, S. W , 2008,Real wage Cyclicality in Italy, Paper provided by Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in its series IZA Discussion Papers with number 2465. Solon, G. , Barsky, R. and Parker, J. A. (1994) Measuring the cyclicality of real wages: How important is composition bias? , The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol:CIX,p. 1- 25. Swanson, E, 2007,Real wage cyclicality in the PSID, working paper series, Federal bank of San Francisco How to cite Explain for Which Reasons the Real Wage Is Expected, Papers

Frees All Quiet on the Western Front All Q Essay Example For Students

Frees All Quiet on the Western Front All Q Essay uiet on the Western Front EssaysRemarques novel, All Quiet on the Western Front, transpires in the trenches of the Nazi Western Front, which is protected by the young German soldiers World War I. Paul Baumer, the narrator; enters the war under pressure to enlist; goes to the front and learns about the brutality of war. Paul witnesses the extreme violence that defines war during his time spent on the Western Front. Baumer and his cronies learn to except the war as part of their lives, but the pains of battle which tear the young soldiers apart inside never leave. When these armed men return to normal civilization, disappointment strikes deep in their hearts as the ignorance of those not in the war reveals itself. The now savage killing machines can no longer relate to everyday society. The common populace knows not of the harsh realities of war, and for this reason they innocently talk as though the fighting and killing that characterizes the seemingly eternal siege, possesses some gl orifying reward. The people who have not been forced to look into the eyes of a dying comrade, whose legs have torn off due to the shrapnel of a mortar, can not sympathize with the broken hearts of the soldiers. They only visualize a possibly strenuous battle resulting in few casualties and from which their troops emerge elated and victorious. The soldiers on the front lines actually experience events, which scar their minds with thoughts of death and destruction. Remarque displays these ideas of pain and suffering through ignorance, fear, and inhumanity. Remarque depicts the misconception of war, by capturing the unknowingness that prevents those not fighting the war, from understanding the truth about wars hideous reality. Ignorance, one of the many facets of the peoples general understanding of war, causes the formation of a gap between the soldiers and the rest of society. But my father would rather I kept my uniform on so that he could take me to visit his acquaintances. (pg.16 4) Paul states that he has no desire to wear a uniform that represents the unfathomable death and destruction of the war. Pauls father can not comprehend the fact that the uniform means more than loyalty, bravery, and honor. He perfectly exemplifies the attitude of the majority of civilians; they are blinded by their pride and confidence and can not visualize wars devastating effect on the soldiers. He wants me to tell him about the front; he is curious in a way that I find stupid and distressing; I no longer have any real contact with him. (pg.165). Paul reiterates his feelings about the war and its separating effects in a subsequent quote, Baumer once again uses his father to represent the whole of society oblivious to the trained killing machines that once lived as regularly operating beings. The inexplicable ignorance of the civilians continues to reveal itself as another person, this time his German-master approaches him with comments, which display that the people know nothing about the battle, their troops fight. You look well, Paul, and fit. Naturally its worse here. Naturally. The best for our soldiers every time that goes without saying. (Pg. 166). Clearly the general public had no idea that their soldiers suffered and died on the battlefields. Fear also weighed heavily in the hearts of the soldiers. The anticipation of an inevitably untimely death caused many soldiers to live their hectic lives in a constant state of fear. The front is a cage in which we must wait fearfully whatever may happen. (pg.101) Paul states that the uncertainty of war results in unending suffering. This suffering takes a toll not only on the body, but on the mind as well. Soldiers live with death on a regular basis, which no doubt works on the mind in such a fashion that the fear of their own death and the deaths of their friends causes tremendous anxiety. At one point in the novel Paul defines the front as a mysterious whirlpool(pg.55). The troops fear of the unknown force upon them uncertainty in a time during which the utmost confidence is required. A soldier lacking the confidence to react to his surroundings also lacks the ability to stay alive during heated battle. Wheres Himmelstoss? Quickly I jump back and find him lying pretending to be wo unded. He is in panic(pg.131). Baumer describes how even high ranking officers fear for their lives during bombardments. Ironically, Himmelstoss presents himself as a thick-skinned veteran when the fighting has ceased, but he cant keep his composure when the possibility arises that he may lose his life. If not even the high-ranking officers can stay strong no young, green soldier could be expected to exhibit bravery. The troops carry this fear with them even after the war ends, and society can not see why the men are plagued with paranoia. The soldiers subsequently form walls between themselves and the rest of the world. .u608b1325220a3c284a84a5dd4c7f591a , .u608b1325220a3c284a84a5dd4c7f591a .postImageUrl , .u608b1325220a3c284a84a5dd4c7f591a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u608b1325220a3c284a84a5dd4c7f591a , .u608b1325220a3c284a84a5dd4c7f591a:hover , .u608b1325220a3c284a84a5dd4c7f591a:visited , .u608b1325220a3c284a84a5dd4c7f591a:active { border:0!important; } .u608b1325220a3c284a84a5dd4c7f591a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u608b1325220a3c284a84a5dd4c7f591a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u608b1325220a3c284a84a5dd4c7f591a:active , .u608b1325220a3c284a84a5dd4c7f591a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u608b1325220a3c284a84a5dd4c7f591a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u608b1325220a3c284a84a5dd4c7f591a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u608b1325220a3c284a84a5dd4c7f591a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u608b1325220a3c284a84a5dd4c7f591a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u608b1325220a3c284a84a5dd4c7f591a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u608b1325220a3c284a84a5dd4c7f591a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u608b1325220a3c284a84a5dd4c7f591a .u608b1325220a3c284a84a5dd4c7f591a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u608b1325220a3c284a84a5dd4c7f591a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Brown, Achievement: Martial Arts Competition Essay One of the strongest themes in this book is that war makes man inhuman. Remarque often compared the troops to various nonliving objects that were inhuman. The soldiers are compared to coins of different provinces that are melted down and now they bear the same stamp, (Pg. 236). Remarque concludes that the soldiers state of mind that exhibits change, from when they were schoolboys; the stamp being the mark of a soldier changing them forever. Paul compares his cronies and himself with automatons; robots operating themselves as nothing more than killing machines (Pg. 105). Remarque uses this analogy to give the impression tha t the soldiers endure the same feeling repeatedly in such a fashion that they appear inhuman. In this classic war story Remarque also describes the soldiers as inhuman wild beasts. Paul states that when soldiers reach the zone where the front begins they transform into instant inhuman animals(pg. 56). Remarque expresses the fact that the front resembles a magical line; once they cross it theyre not the same people they lived as on the other side of the line. Paul comments, We have become wild beasts. We do not fight we defend ourselves against annihilation(pg. 103). Here Remarque states that the German soldiers only defend what they have, not attempting to pillage and burn what doesnt belong to them. Paul believes that they become something like men again after the soldiers get the food, which the body requires to function properly, (pg. 106). Remarque implies that the drive for food changes the troops into terrifying wild beasts, but when they get the food they revert back to human form once again. Damned lousy war (pg.77). A soldier expresses feelings for the war which he shares with nearly all other soldiers no matter what the war or reason for fighting it. All Quiet on the Western Front, by Erich Remarque, depicts wars effects on soldiers and how society has great trouble relating to the troops suffering. Clearly, a large wall erects itself between the soldiers and the rest of the world. Without experiencing their own ignorance, the fears of war, and the inhumane treatment the troops receive, the civilians have no idea of how to fathom the traumatic pains of war. In todays society, this line between soldiers and civilians has thinned, but not erased. Todays warfare greatly differs from that of the past in that the battlefield doesnt consist only of hoards of men charging each hoping to escape death. Perhaps war will someday be fought over the phone, without weapons minimizing deaths and suffering, if soldiers were not so traumatized by war the barrier between civilians and t roops could erase itself.